Should English be America’s official language?
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“You’re in America, Speak English!” is a phrase often muttered at immigrants who have set foot in the United States.
Oftentimes, it’s meant as an insult, designed to minimize people who can’t speak English and are trying to live, work, or operate on US soil.
But the United States is one of the few countries in the world that operates without an official language. From the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 through the first two decades of the 21st century, English, the dominant language for communication in government, across business, and throughout culture, has never been formalized by federal law.
Earlier this year, President Trump signed Executive Order 14224, declaring English the official language of the United States—but only symbolically, as the order does not supersede laws that require federal agencies to provide multilingual language access based on local needs. Those areas include voting, healthcare, and education literature. Nor does the executive order bar any federal agency from continuing to offer its services, websites, and materials in Spanish, Mandarin, Arabic, or hundreds of other languages spoken across the country.
The move has stirred questions about America’s identity and raises the question of whether America should declare English the official language and whether it is even necessary.
WASHINGTON, DC – JANUARY 23: U.S. President Donald Trump holds up a signed executive order in the Oval Office of the White House on January 23, 2025 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images)
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A Nation Without An Official Language
The US has long been exceptional in its refusal to designate an official language. While many nations have codified their mother tongue—France with French, Japan with Japanese, or Mexico with Spanish—America has always relied on practice and practicality rather than statute. English has became the de facto language of governance, law, and commerce through usage and cultural dominance, not through a mandate.
Attempts to formalize English at the federal level stretch back decades. Legislative efforts, often spearheaded by ‘English-only’ advocates, routinely failed in Congress. Critics argued that such laws were exclusionary in a nation built on immigration. Supporters, meanwhile, warned of cultural fragmentation if English lost its primacy.
The US Census Bureau estimates 350 languages are spoken across American households. Spanish is the second most common language after English, with over 40 million speakers. Chinese languages, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Arabic, and French are also widely used. In cities such as Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, multilingualism is not an exception but more of a way of life.
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA – MARCH 01: An immigrants rights supporter holds a sign reading ‘Immigrants Make America Great’ before marching downtown during a ‘March for Dignity’ on March 01, 2025 in Los Angeles, California. The march was organized by faith groups along with immigrants rights organizations as a peaceful protest over the Trump administration’s immigration policies. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images)
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Supporters of the Executive Order argue that codifying English strengthens social cohesion and national identity. Detractors counter that America’s identity is precisely its diversity, and that the law risks sending a message of exclusion to communities that already contribute to the cultural and economic fabric of the country.
The Symbolism Vs. The Necessity Of ‘English-Only’
While the legal impact of the order may be minimal, the symbolism is enormous. Declaring English the official language plays into long-running debates over immigration, assimilation, and national identity.
It’s a conversation as old as the country itself. In 1780, John Adams wanted the Continental Congress to standardize English, but the proposal to mandate English was rejected. The reason? Dictating a national language was an encroachment on government authority and individual liberties, deeming it unnecessary and undemocratic.
Christopher Columbus, who is credited with founding America, didn’t speak English. Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, whom America is named after, didn’t speak English, and Spain’s Menéndez de Avilés, who set up the first permanent European settlement on US soil in 1565, also didn’t speak English.
Is Executive Order 14224 even necessary? From a functional standpoint, probably not. However, from a political standpoint, necessity may not have been the primary concern. The move reflects public anxieties about cultural change and the rise of globalization. In that sense, the order of mandating English serves as a political marker—an assertion of identity in an era of demographic transformation. Against that backdrop, codifying English may feel less like a practical tool and more like a cultural reassurance to those uneasy with change.
This Executive Order is unlikely to silence debates about language in America. Individual states and big cities will continue to shape their own policies to balance immigrant communities and navigate the tension between cultural assimilation and the preservation of American ‘heritage’.
In the end, whether this designation strengthens national unity or deepens cultural divides will depend less on what the law says and more on how the nation chooses to live it out.
For now, the United States has an ‘official language’ but whether it truly needs one remains an open—and deeply American—question.
CAMARILLO, CALIFORNIA – JULY 10: Community member Ana waves an American-Mexican flag in a show of support for detainees near federal agents blocking protestors during an ICE immigration raid at a nearby licensed cannabis farm on July 10, 2025 near Camarillo, California. Ana said she knows some of those detained and their families. Protestors stood off with federal agents for hours outside the farm in the farmworker community in Ventura County. A Los Angeles federal judge is set to rule Friday on a temporary restraining order which would restrict area immigration enforcement operations. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images)
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